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　　标题：WhatMostPeopleGetWrongAboutCriticalThinkingTools
　　source：psychologytodaybyJeremyEShermanPh。D。
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　　Insupportofourpositionsandagainstotherpositions，wemakearguments。Sothersarenot。Ifyou’vehadanyeducationincriticalthinking，thefirstthingyoulearnaboutisthefallacies，awonderfullistofwaystoargueforandagainstpositionsthatseemsignificantbutaren’t（linkisexternal）。
　　Fallaciesareweakarguments。Peopleoftenmisunderstandthefallacyconcept，largelybecausefallacyimpliesfalse。Ait’sweakorirrelevant。
　　SoIproposetoaddanewfallacytothelistoffallacies：
　　TheFallacyFallacy：theassumptionthatifsomeonemakesaweakargument，it’safalseargument，andthatifsomeonemakesafalseargument，thenthepositionthatargumentissupportingisalsofalse。
　　Forexample，ifyousaythatDonaldTrumpiswrongonimmigrationbecausehesgreedyandmean，youreemployingthefallacyknownasanadhominem（againsttheman）argument：Themanisbad，thereforehisideaiswrong。
　　Peoplewilloftensay，Youmadeanadhominemargumentandthereforethepositionyou’redefendingiswrong。Thisisclosetoparadoxical，actually，muchlikesayingYou’rediscreditedbecauseyou’reanamecaller，whichis，infactnamecalling。Discreditingpeopleformakingadhominemargumentsisanadhominemargument。
　　Infact，whetherTrumpisgreedyandmeanhasnobearingeitherwayonhisimmigrationpolicy。That’stherealpointaboutthefallacies。Fallaciesareundicators。Theyindicateneitherwayonthemeritsofthepositionbeingsupported。
　　Sometimesgreedymeanpeoplesupportgoodpositions，sometimestheysupportbadpositions。Youcan’ttellwhetheritsgoodorbadsimplybyjudgingthearguer’smoralcharacter，andmoregenerallyyoucan’ttellwhat’satrueorfalsepositionbasedonanyweakformsofargument。
　　Ilovethecatalogoffallacies。Tonamethemistotamethem。Ifyouareabletospotaweakargumentinsupportofaposition，youcanignorethatargumentandgetbacktoevaluatingthepositionbyrelevantcontent。Namingthefallacieskeepsusfrombeingdistractedbythem。
　　Weallputrhetoricalthumbsonthescaleofreason。Weelevateourcherishedpositionsandloweropposingpositionsbymeansofargumentsandgesturesthatwehopewillseemrelevanteventhoughtheyarent。
　　Tpowerfulbackgroundmusicorsexypeoplepresentingyourposition。Likemercenaries，theserhetoricalmoveswillgotowarfororagainstanyposition。Youcansighindisgustaboutanyposition。Youcanmakeanypositionsoundtruerwithpassionatemusicinthebackground。
　　Byallmeans，gettoknowthefallaciesandrespondtothembyadjustingthescalesoyougetabalancethatdiscountstherhetoricalthumbsweputonthescale。
　　Whenyoubringyourfrozenyogurtorsaladtothecheckouttobeweighedsoyouknowhowmuchtopay，youllfindthattheyadjustedthescalesoitreadszerowhentheemptycontainerisonthescale。Thatscalledtaring，adjustingascaleforafairbalance，recalibratingtheweightsoyoudon’tendupweighingwhat’sirrelevant。
　　Managingthefallaciesdoesthatforarguments。Ifsomeoneisgoingtoputtheirrhetoricalthumbonthescale，pushingdownorliftingupwithsomeemptyrhetoricalargument，youwanttorecalibratethescalesoitreadszeroevenwiththeirthumbsonit。Managingthefallaciesisthumbweighttaring。
　　Weseethefallaciesinactionincourtsoflaw。Alawyerraisesanobjectiontoanargumentheroppositionismaking。Thejudgedecideswhethertheoppositionlawyerisemployinganargumentthatshouldn’tcount。Whentheobjectionissustained，theargumentisconsideredinadmissible，irrelevanttothecase。
　　IndulgingintheFallacyFallacyisdifferent。Youseeathumbonthescale，andyoubangyourwholehanddownonit。Thiswouldbetheequivalenttoalawyerraisinganobjection，thejudgesustainingitanddeclaringthecaseisclosedinfavorofthelawyerwhoraisedtheobjection，asthoughthejudgesaidtotheobjector，You’reright，youropponentjustmadeaweakargumentasthoughitwasstrongone，thereforeyouwinthecase！